9 minutes read

In the heart of summer, as the vast Mongolian steppe blooms with life, an ancient celebration takes place that captures the very essence of Mongolian culture and history. This is the Naadam Festival, often called “Eriin Gurvan Naadam” or “The Three Games of Men,” a vibrant showcase of traditional sports, nomadic heritage, and national pride.

Naadam, which means “games” or “festivities” in Mongolian, is more than just a sporting event. It’s a grand celebration that brings together Mongolians from all walks of life, from nomadic herders to city dwellers, to participate in and witness contests of strength, speed, and skill. The festival centers around three traditional sports: wrestling, horse racing, and archery, each deeply rooted in Mongolia’s nomadic past and military history.

Held annually from July 11-13, with many smaller local Naadam celebrations taking place throughout the summer, this festival offers a unique window into Mongolian culture. It’s a time of national pride, community bonding, and joyous celebration, all set against the backdrop of Mongolia’s breathtaking landscapes.

The Historical Origins of Naadam

The origins of Naadam stretch back into the mists of Mongolian history, intertwined with the country’s nomadic culture and military traditions. While the exact beginnings are unclear, similar festivities have been recorded as far back as the times of Genghis Khan in the 13th century.

Originally, these games were more than mere sport – they were a way to train warriors and maintain military readiness. Wrestling honed strength and tactical thinking, horsemanship was crucial for nomadic life and warfare, and archery was a vital military skill. Over time, these practical skills evolved into sporting events and cultural celebrations.

The festival has also been linked to important religious and state events throughout Mongolian history:

• In the time of the Mongol Empire, Naadam-like events were held to celebrate military victories.
• During the period of Manchu rule (1636-1911), Naadam became associated with Tibetan Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies.
• After Mongolia’s independence in 1921, Naadam was linked to the revolution and became a national holiday.

Today’s Naadam, while retaining its traditional core, has evolved into a celebration of Mongolian culture and independence, officially commemorating the 1921 revolution that eventually led to the establishment of the Mongolian People’s Republic.

The Three “Manly” Games: An Overview

The heart of Naadam lies in its three traditional sports, often referred to as the “Three Manly Games.” Despite this traditional name, it’s important to note that today, women also participate in horse racing and archery, though wrestling remains exclusively male.

1. Wrestling (Bökh): This is perhaps the most prestigious of the three sports. Wrestlers compete in a single-elimination tournament, with no weight classes. Matches can last anywhere from a few seconds to over an hour.
2. Horse Racing (Morin Urildaan): Unlike short-distance races common in the West, Naadam horse races cover long distances (15-30 km) across the open steppe. What’s unique is that the jockeys are children, usually between 5 to 13 years old.
3. Archery (Sur Kharvaa): Contestants use traditional composite bows to shoot arrows at leather cylinders stacked on a wall. Both men and women compete, often in elaborate traditional costumes.

These three sports are not just games but living traditions that connect modern Mongolians to their ancestors and nomadic heritage. Each sport has its own set of rules, rituals, and cultural significance that go far beyond mere competition.

Mongolian Wrestling: Techniques and Traditions

Mongolian wrestling, or Bökh, is more than just a sport – it’s a crucial part of Mongolian culture and identity. Unlike international wrestling styles, Mongolian wrestling has no weight categories, and matches continue until one wrestler touches the ground with any part of their body other than their feet or hands.

Key aspects of Mongolian wrestling include:

1. The Wrestling Costume: Wrestlers wear an open-fronted jacket (zodog), tight shorts (shuudag), and leather boots. The open-fronted jacket was supposedly introduced after a female wrestler disguised as a man won a competition.
2. The Eagle Dance: Before and after each match, wrestlers perform a ritualistic dance called the devekh, or eagle dance, spreading their arms like an eagle’s wings.
3. Titles: Wrestlers can earn various titles based on the number of rounds they win in a tournament. These include names like “Lion” (Arslan), “Elephant” (Zaan), and the highest title, “Titan” (Avarga).
4. Techniques: Wrestlers use a variety of throws, trips, and lifts. The goal is to get the opponent to touch the ground with any part of their body other than their feet or hands.

The wrestling tournament is structured as a single-elimination bracket. The final match, determining the tournament champion, is one of the most anticipated events of Naadam.

Horse Racing: The Spirit of the Steppe

Horse racing at Naadam is unlike any other horse racing event in the world. It’s a test of both horse and rider over long distances across the open steppe, reflecting the Mongolian people’s deep connection with horses and their nomadic lifestyle.

Key features of Naadam horse racing include:

1. Child Jockeys: The riders are children, usually between 5 to 13 years old. This tradition is based on the belief that success depends on the skill of the horse, not the size or strength of the rider.
2. Long Distances: Races vary in length depending on the age of the horses, but they can be anywhere from 15 to 30 kilometers.
3. Horse Categories: There are six categories based on the horses’ age, from two-year-olds to full-grown horses (seven years and older).
4. The Start and Finish: Races start with riders singing traditional songs to encourage their horses. At the finish, spectators crowd around the winners, hoping to touch the sweat of the winning horse for good luck.
5. Horse Titles: Like wrestlers, winning horses are given titles. The first five horses to finish are called Airagiin Tav, or “The Five Horses of Airag” (fermented mare’s milk).

These races are not just sporting events but a celebration of the horse’s central role in Mongolian culture and history.

Archery: Precision and Skill

Archery is the third of the “Three Manly Games” and, like the others, it has its roots in Mongolia’s martial history. Today, it’s a test of precision and skill that’s open to both men and women.

Key aspects of Naadam archery include:

1. The Bow: Competitors use traditional composite bows made from layered horn, bark, and wood, similar to those used by Mongolia’s ancient warriors.
2. The Target: Unlike Western archery where archers aim at circular targets, Mongolian archers shoot at leather cylinders (sur) stacked on a wall.
3. Distance: Men shoot from 75 meters away, while women shoot from 65 meters.
4. Scoring: Each archer typically has four rounds of four arrows each. Hitting a sur or knocking it off the wall scores points.
5. Team Nature: Archery at Naadam is often a team sport. As archers shoot, their teammates stand near the targets, shouting words of encouragement and signaling how close the arrows are to the target.

Like the other Naadam sports, archery is steeped in tradition. Archers wear traditional dels (Mongolian robes), and the competition is accompanied by ritualistic phrases and gestures.

The Opening Ceremony: A Spectacular Display

The opening ceremony of Naadam, particularly the national celebration in Ulaanbaatar, is a spectacular event that showcases Mongolia’s rich cultural heritage. It’s a dazzling display of color, music, and pageantry that sets the stage for the festivities to come.

Key elements of the opening ceremony include:

1. The Presidential Address: The ceremony often begins with a speech by Mongolia’s president, emphasizing national unity and cultural pride.
2. The Procession of Athletes: Wrestlers, horse trainers, archers, and other participants parade into the stadium in their traditional costumes.
3. Cultural Performances: The ceremony features traditional Mongolian music, dance, and theatrical performances that tell stories from Mongolia’s history and mythology.
4. The Nine White Banners: These historic banners, representing the nine tribes of Mongolia, are paraded into the stadium in a solemn ceremony.
5. Horseback Demonstrations: Skilled riders often perform daring feats of horsemanship as part of the ceremony.

This grand opening sets a festive and patriotic tone for the games that follow, blending ancient traditions with modern national pride.

Traditional Clothing and Costumes at Naadam

Naadam is a riot of color and texture, with many attendees and all participants wearing traditional Mongolian clothing. This visual spectacle is an important part of the festival’s charm and cultural significance.

Key elements of traditional dress at Naadam include:

1. The Del: This is the traditional Mongolian robe worn by both men and women. It’s a long, loose gown cut in one piece with a high collar and long sleeves, secured at the waist with a colorful sash.
2. The Boots: Traditional Mongolian boots (gutal) have upturned toes, a design that originally prevented riders from slipping through their stirrups.
3. Hats: A variety of traditional hats are worn, often indicating the wearer’s social status or region of origin. These can range from simple felt hats to ornate designs adorned with jewels or peacock feathers.
4. Wrestling Costume: As mentioned earlier, wrestlers wear the zodog (an open-fronted jacket) and shuudag (tight short pants).
5. Archery Costume: Archers often wear particularly elaborate dels, showcasing some of the finest examples of traditional Mongolian clothing.

The colorful traditional dress adds to the festive atmosphere and serves as a living link to Mongolia’s past.

Food and Festivities During the Festival

While the sports competitions are the main events, Naadam is also a time for feasting, socializing, and enjoying traditional Mongolian foods and drinks. The festival grounds are often filled with gers (yurts) where families gather to eat, drink, and celebrate.

Popular foods and drinks at Naadam include:

1. Khuushuur: Deep-fried meat pastries, a favorite festival food.
2. Buuz: Steamed dumplings filled with meat.
3. Airag: Fermented mare’s milk, a traditional and mildly alcoholic Mongolian beverage.
4. Suutei Tsai: Salty milk tea, a staple of the Mongolian diet.
5. Khorkhog: A dish of mutton cooked with hot stones, often prepared for special occasions.

Beyond food, there are often carnival-like attractions, especially at the larger Naadam celebrations in cities. These might include games, rides, and market stalls selling traditional crafts and souvenirs.

Music and Cultural Performances at Naadam

Music and cultural performances are integral parts of the Naadam festival, showcasing Mongolia’s rich artistic heritage alongside the sporting events.

Key musical and cultural elements include:

1. Throat Singing: This unique vocal technique, where singers produce two tones simultaneously, is often featured in performances.
2. Morin Khuur: The horse-head fiddle, Mongolia’s national instrument, is prominently featured in musical performances.
3. Long Song (Urtiin Duu): This traditional style of song, characterized by long, sustained notes, is an important part of Mongolian musical culture.
4. Traditional Dances: Performances often include dances that tell stories from Mongolian history and mythology.
5. Tsam Dances: These masked dances, originating from Tibetan Buddhism, are sometimes performed as part of the cultural program.

These performances not only entertain but also serve to preserve and promote traditional Mongolian arts.

The Significance of Naadam in Modern Mongolia

While deeply rooted in history, Naadam continues to play a vital role in modern Mongolian society. It serves multiple important functions:

1. Cultural Preservation: Naadam helps keep traditional practices and skills alive in a rapidly modernizing world.
2. National Identity: The festival is a source of national pride and unity, bringing together Mongolians from all walks of life.
3. Tourism: Naadam has become a major draw for international tourists, helping to promote Mongolia on the global stage.
4. Economic Impact: The festival provides economic opportunities for many, from craftspeople selling traditional goods to locals offering services to tourists.
5. Athletic Development: The competitions at Naadam help identify and develop talented athletes who may go on to represent Mongolia in international sports.

In 2010, Naadam was inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, recognizing its importance not just to Mongolia, but to the world’s cultural diversity.

Experiencing Naadam: Travel Tips for Visitors

For travelers, attending Naadam can be a highlight of a trip to Mongolia, offering a unique insight into the country’s culture and traditions. Here are some tips for those planning to experience Naadam:

1. Timing: The main national Naadam takes place in Ulaanbaatar from July 11-13, but smaller local Naadam celebrations occur throughout the summer in different parts of the country.
2. Booking in Advance: If you plan to attend the national Naadam in Ulaanbaatar, book your accommodations and tickets well in advance, as the city gets very crowded during the festival.
3. Choosing Your Experience: Consider whether you want to experience the grand national celebration in Ulaanbaatar or a smaller, more intimate local Naadam in the countryside. Both offer unique experiences.
4. Dress Appropriately: Mongolia can be hot in July. Wear comfortable, light clothing and don’t forget sun protection. If you have traditional Mongolian clothing, Naadam is the perfect occasion to wear it.
5. Be Prepared for Crowds: Especially in Ulaanbaatar, the festival attracts large crowds. Be patient and mindful of your belongings.
6. Try Local Foods: Naadam is a great opportunity to sample traditional Mongolian foods and drinks. Don’t miss out on specialties like khuushuur (fried meat pastries) and airag (fermented mare’s milk).
7. Respect Local Customs: Remember that Naadam is not just a tourist attraction but an important cultural event for Mongolians. Be respectful of local traditions and customs.
8. Explore Beyond the Stadium: While the opening ceremony and wrestling competitions usually take place in a stadium, horse racing typically occurs on the outskirts of the city or town. Consider attending both to get the full Naadam experience.
9. Learn Some Mongolian Phrases: Knowing a few basic Mongolian phrases can enhance your experience and show respect for the local culture.
10. Consider a Guide: If it’s your first time in Mongolia, consider hiring a local guide who can explain the intricacies of the games and customs.

Remember, while Naadam is a festive occasion, it’s also deeply meaningful to Mongolians. Approaching it with respect and genuine curiosity will ensure a rich and rewarding experience.

Conclusion

The Naadam Festival is far more than a sporting event or a tourist attraction. It’s a living embodiment of Mongolia’s history, culture, and national identity. From the thundering hooves of child jockeys racing across the steppe to the intense grappling of wrestlers, from the precision of archers to the colorful swirl of traditional costumes, Naadam offers a sensory feast that captures the essence of Mongolia.

This ancient festival has successfully bridged the gap between Mongolia’s nomadic past and its rapidly modernizing present. It serves as a reminder of the skills and values that have shaped Mongolian culture for centuries, while also evolving to remain relevant in the contemporary world. The fact that Naadam has been recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity underscores its global significance [2].

For visitors, Naadam provides an unparalleled opportunity to experience the heart and soul of Mongolia. It’s a chance to witness traditional sports that have no real equivalent in Western culture, to taste unique foods, to hear ancient music, and to feel the pulse of a culture that has maintained its distinct identity despite centuries of change.

As Mongolia continues to develop and engage with the global community, festivals like Naadam play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and passing it on to future generations. They serve as a bridge between past and present, between urban and rural, between the local and the global.

Whether you’re a sports enthusiast, a cultural explorer, or simply a curious traveler, the Naadam Festival offers a window into a world that is at once ancient and immediate, foreign and deeply human. It’s a celebration of strength, skill, and community spirit that resonates far beyond the Mongolian steppe, inviting all who experience it to connect with the timeless rhythms of nomadic life and the enduring spirit of the Mongolian people.

Discover the must-visit cultural destinations of Mongolian culture

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. (2010). “Naadam, Mongolian traditional festival”